Abstract: To investigate the fluctuations in fishery resources in the Yangtze Estuary during the “Decade-long Fishing Ban”, we analyzed the changes in fishery resources before and after the implementation of the ban based on survey data from 2017 to 2023 in this study. The analysis covered aspects such as resource abundance, dominant species, and community diversity in the Yangtze Estuary waters. The results showed that 126 fishery resource species were monitored in the Yangtze River Estuary from 2017 to 2023, including 68 fish species, 43shrimp and crab species, and 15 mollusc species. There were obvious inter-annual changes in fishery resource species and resource quantity before and after the fishing ban. Before the fishing ban (2017—2020), the fishery resource status of the Yangtze River Estuary continued to decline, with the number of species decreasing from 37 in 2017 to 30 in 2019, and the relative resource quantity decreasing from 0.56 kg/kn∙h in 2017 to 0.25 kg/kn∙h in 2019. After the fishing ban (2021—2023), the number of species and resource quantity both increased significantly, with the number of species increased to 88 in 2023, and the amount of resources increased to 5.20 kg/kn∙h. The shift in dominant species in Yangtze River Estuary, from crustaceans such as Portunus trituberculatus and Exopalaemon annandalei before the fishing ban to fish species such as Collichthys lucidus, Coilia nasus, and Coilia mystus after the ban, indeed serves as a positive indicator. From 2017 to 2023, the change trend of the diversity index in the waters of the Yangtze River Estuary was inconsistent, with Shannon-Wiener showing a gradual increasing trend, Margalef showing a decreasing and then increasing trend, and the Peilou index fluctuating less over the years. With the continuation of the fishing ban policy, the aquatic communities in the Yangtze River Estuary waters are in a state of gradual recovery.