THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION DISTRICTS IN AUTUMN
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摘要: 为探究重金属污染区秋季浮游植物群落特征及其影响因子, 2019年11月对攸县和万山不同类型水体进行了采样调查, 共检出浮游植物7门52属67种, 结果显示不同类型水体间浮游植物群落结构差异不显著(R= –0.022, P=0.549), 攸县和万山浮游植物群落结构存在差异(R=0.152, P=0.083); 但均以绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻为主; 细胞密度变化范围为1.11×104—1.17×107 cells/L; 物种数分别为10—31种和6—18种, Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数分别为2.28—3.29和0.482—2.401, 均匀性指数分别为0.979—0.996和0.244—0.742, 两地的多样性指数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示: 浮游植物细胞密度与CODMn、TOC、ORP呈显著正相关, 与Cr、Se、Ba、V呈显著负相关; Mantel test显示CODMn、WT、pH、TC、IC、
${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P及Co、Ni、Zn、Cd和Pb是影响浮游植物群落的关键因子; CCA分析显示常规理化因子对攸县和万山浮游植物群落的影响大于重金属。研究表明, 重金属污染区水体浮游植物群落结构存在显著的地域差异, 重金属离子含量及常规理化因子对群落结构特征均存在显著的影响。Abstract: To study the community structure of phytoplankton in different aquatic bodies polluted by heavy metals and its relationships with environmental factors, field surveys were conducted in Youxian County and Wanshan District in November 2019. A total of 67 phytoplankton species were identified, belonging to 7 phyla and 52 genera. The community structure of phytoplankton has no remarkable difference between different water types (R=–0.022, P=0.549), but the two study areas were different (R=0.152, P=0.083). The communities were dominated by Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Cyanophyta. The phytoplankton abundance ranged from 1.11×104 to 1.17×107. The species richness of the phytoplankton community was 10—31 in Youxian County and 6—18 in Wanshan District, the Shannon-Wiener index of the phytoplankton community was 2.28—3.29 in Youxian County and 0.482—2.401 in Wanshan District, the evenness index of the phytoplankton community was 0.979—0.996 in Youxian County and 0.244—0.742 in Wanshan District. These three indices showed significant differences in different districts (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that CODMn, TOC and ORP were significantly positively correlated with phytoplankton abundance, and Cr, Se, Ba and V were significantly negatively correlated with phytoplankton abundance. Mantel test analysis indicated that CODMn, WT, pH, TC, IC,${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P and Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb were the key factors that explain the phytoplankton community structure. The canonical correlation analysis indicated that the changes in the phytoplankton community were more related to routine physics and chemistry index than to heavy metals. There were significant differences in phytoplankton community structure in heavy metal polluted areas, and heavy metal ion content and routine physics and chemistry index had significant influences on the community structure. These results provide a research basis for isolating heavy metal tolerant algal strains and carrying out subsequent transformation. Meanwhile, the research is of great significance to the management and protection of water ecosystem. -
浮游植物是水生态系统中主要初级生产者和食物链的重要基础环节, 同时也是水环境变化的最直接响应者, 其群落结构特征直接影响生态系统的结构和功能[1]。另外, 环境因子变化也影响浮游植物丰度与群落结构的变化[2, 3]。研究表明, 浮游植物群落结构受到多种因子的共同调控, 与营养盐、温度和光照等条件密切相关[4－6]。同时, 浮游植物对金属离子具有很强的吸收和富集能力, 容易受到重金属污染并敏感地在分子、细胞和种群等水平上响应重金属的毒害效应, 导致浮游植物群落由多样化向单一化转变[7－11]。因此通过物种组成、物种丰度、优势种及多样性状况等群落结构特征来研究重金属污染区水体浮游植物与环境因子之间的关系, 对于揭示浮游植物群落演替的驱动因子、探究常规理化因子与重金属对浮游植物群落组成的影响权重、开展水生态系统的管理和保护, 均具有重要意义。
2013年5月湖南攸县“镉大米事件”经媒体报道后, 该区域水稻田土壤重金属污染研究已成为当前国内土壤重金属污染研究和治理的关注重点[12]; 被誉为“朱砂王国”的万山因汞矿大规模开采和冶炼, 给当地环境带来了极大破坏[13]。目前攸县和万山的重金属污染研究主要集中在土壤, 但是矿业活动引起的水污染最终会引起水质恶化和水生态系统破坏, 急需开展重金属污染区水体的浮游植物生态学调查研究, 以便为重金属污染的影响效应评估提供基础数据[14－17]。
鉴于此, 本文以攸县和万山两个重金属污染区不同类型水体为研究对象, 在野外原位调查的基础上运用多元技术分析浮游植物与环境因子间的相关关系, 探究重金属元素对浮游植物群落结构的影响权重, 以期为该区域水生态系统的管理和保护提供科学依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 研究区域概况
湖南省株洲市攸县位于湖南省东部, 介于东经113°09′—113°51′, 北纬26°46′—27°26′; 全县土地总面积为2648 km2, 是全国100个重点产煤县和商品煤基地。本研究在攸县境内共设置了6个采样点(图 1A), 其中YX1点位于电厂附近的硬化渠道, YX2点位于一条自然河流, YX3点位于一个人工池塘, YX4点位于人工池塘旁的小溪流, YX5点位于矿区排出的硫磺水河流, YX6为水稻田。
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图 1 采样点位图 (A. 攸县; B. 万山)Figure 1. Distribution of the sampling sites (A. Youxian County; B. Wanshan District)贵州省铜仁市万山区位于贵州省东部, 介于东经109°11′—109°14′, 北纬27°30′—27°32′; 国土面积842 km2, 汞矿的开发已有600余年的开采历史。在万山共设置了9个采样点(图 1B), 其中WS1点位于电厂旁边的冷却水池, WS2点位于道路旁的山间小瀑布, WS3点位于一硬化渠道旁的大水池, WS4点位于养鸡场附近的小溪, WS5点为矿渣处理坑的尾水, WS6点位于大水溪, WS7点位于人工水处理池, WS8点位于贵州水务旁的大水渠, WS9点位于龙江水库坝前。
1.2 水样采集与分析
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用2%的电子级硝酸处理过的500 mL样品瓶采集金属检测水样, 冷藏运回实验室, 金属元素镉(Cd)、锰(Mn)、锶(Sr)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、镍(Ni)、钴(Co)、铜(Cu)、铀(U)、铅(Pb)、铯(Se)、砷(As)、钡(Ba)、钒(V)、铋(Bi)、铷(Rb)和汞(Hg)等利用电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱仪ICP-OES(PekinElmer, OPTIMA 8000DV)进行测定。
1.3 浮游植物样品采集与分析
用25#浮游生物网采集浮游植物定性样品, 4%甲醛溶液固定。现场采集1000 mL水样装于塑料样品瓶, 用于浮游植物的鉴定与定量计数, 水样用鲁哥氏液(Lugol iodine solution)固定保存; 静置48h, 通过虹吸作用抽去多余的上清液, 经沉淀后定容至30 mL。充分振荡混匀, 吸取0.1 mL滴到浮游植物计数框上, 随后用显微镜(Olympus CX21, Japan)在放大倍数400倍下进行鉴定与计数, 浮游植物鉴定参考相关书籍[18, 19], 鉴定到种或属。
1.4 数据分析与统计
多样性指数计算 采用物种丰富度Species richness(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和均匀性指数(J)对浮游植物群落多样性进行分析评价, 通过优势种优势度(Y)确定样本优势种群。利用Past version 2.17[20]计算各样本物种的多样性指数[21]。
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')计算公式:
$H' \!=\! - \sum\limits_i^S {{P_i}} {\rm{lo}}{{\rm{g}}_2}{P_i}$
式中, H'为物种多样性指数、S为样品中的总物种数、Pi为第i种的个体数(ni)与总个体数(N)的比值(ni/N)。
均匀性指数(J)计算公式:
$J \!=\! H'\!/{\rm{lo}}{{\rm{g}}_2}S$
式中, J表示均匀度、H'表示种类多样性指数值、S表示样品中总种数。
优势种优势度(Y)的计算公式:
$ Y\!=\!\frac{{n}_{i}}{N}\!\times\! {f}_{i} $
式中, fi为第i个种在各样方中出现频率、ni为群落中第i个种在空间中的个体数量; N为群落中所有种的个体数总和。本次调查生物优势度Y≥0.02即为优势种[22]。
统计分析 利用Microsoft Excel, Spss Statistics 17.0和 Origin 2018对浮游植物各类群密度数据进行了处理和制图。对各采样位点物种数量组成做Upset分析, 对各组的群落组成做analysis of similarities (ANOSIM)分析, 对各门细胞密度与环境因子做Pearson相关性分析, 对物种组成与环境因子做Mantel test分析, 对样点分布情况做对应分析(CA), 对样点与各组环境因子做典范对应分析(CCA)。以上统计分析和作图均在R(version 3.6.2, https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/)环境下完成。
2. 结果
2.1 群落组成
攸县和万山共鉴定浮游植物7门52属67种, 其中绿藻种类数最多, 有27种, 硅藻次之, 为21种, 蓝藻9种, 甲藻、隐藻、裸藻和金藻较少(图 2)。细胞密度变化范围为1.11×104—1.17×107 cells/L。攸县各样点蓝藻的相对丰度较高, 万山各样点硅藻的相对丰度较高。
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图 2 浮游植物群落特征A. 攸县浮游植物物种数组成; B. 万山浮游植物物种数组成; C. 攸县和万山各样点浮游植物相对丰度与叶绿素a含量Figure 2. Phytoplankton community characteristicsA. Species composition in Youxian County; B. Species composition in Wanshan District; C. The proportions of phytoplankton and Chl.a concentrations in each sampling siteYX1、YX2、YX3和YX6位点蓝藻相对丰度最高, YX4位点中硅藻占优势, YX5位点中绿藻占优势, 且YX5位点的绿藻主要是克里藻 Klebsormidium sp.。攸县的浮游植物优势种为7种(表 1)。
表 1 攸县和万山两地浮游植物优势种及优势度Table 1. Dominant species of phytoplankton in Youxian County and Wanshan District门
Phylum属种
Species拉丁名
Latin name优势度
Dominance攸县 万山 蓝藻 微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima 0.03 — 假鱼腥 Pseudoanabaena sp. 0.15 — 细鞘丝藻 Leptolyngbya sp. 0.15 — 硅藻 舟形藻 Navicula sp. 0.02 — 菱形藻 Nitzschia sp. 0.03 — 绿藻 衣藻 Chlamydomonas sp. 0.02 — 隐藻 隐藻 Cryptomonas sp. 0.03 0.03 甲藻 二叉角藻 Ceratium furcoides — 0.03 金藻 锥囊藻 Dinobryon sp. — 0.02 WS1以甲藻相对丰度最高, 主要为角藻, WS2、WS4、WS6、WS7和 WS8位点硅藻相对丰度最高, WS3位点金藻相对丰度较高, 主要为锥囊藻 Dinobryon sp., WS5位点蓝藻相对丰度最高, WS9位点绿藻相对丰度最高。万山的优势种较攸县要少, 仅3种(表 1)。
UpSetR分析结果(图 3)显示, 同时存在于攸县和万山所有样点的物种数为0, 出现在攸县所有样点的物种数为17个, 出现在万山所有样点的物种数为11个。攸县各样点共有物种主要是蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻。万山各样点共有物种主要是硅藻、绿藻、甲藻和金藻。
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图 3 不同采样位点浮游植物物种组成的Upset图(实心圆表示该样点用于统计物种数目)Figure 3. The upset diagram showing the number of shared and specific phytoplankton in each sampling site (The solid circle represents the point used to conduct analysis of species numbers statistics)通过ANOSIM分析进一步探讨攸县和万山浮游植物群落结构的差异(图 4A), 结果显示两地群落结构差异P为0.083, 相异系数R为0.152, 表明攸县和万山群落结构组间差异大于组内差异。不同类型水体之间的群落结构差异分析显示(图 4B), 不同类型水体的群落结构差异P为0.549, 相异系数R为–0.022, 表明群落结构的组间差异小于组内差异。
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图 4 浮游植物群落结构ANOSIM分析(A. 采样区域; B. 不同水体类型)Figure 4. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) of the phytoplankton community structure between Youxian County and Wanshan district (A) and Different water type (B)2.2 群落多样性分析
如表 2和表 3所示, 攸县和万山的物种数分别在10—31和6—18, 两地物种丰富度存在较大差异(F=5.915, P<0.05); Shannon-Wiener指数范围分别在2.28—3.29和0.482—2.401, 攸县的Shannon-Wiener指数要高于万山, 两地差异显著(F=18.648, P<0.01); 均匀度分别在0.979—0.996和0.244—0.742, 攸县各样点的种间个体数分布较万山更均匀, 且差异显著(F=35.348, P<0.01)。
表 2 攸县各样点浮游植物多样性指数Table 2. The phytoplankton diversity index in Youxian County指标Index YX1 YX2 YX3 YX4 YX5 YX6 物种丰富度D 25 31 16 14 10 27 香农-威纳指数H′ 3.206 3.430 2.768 2.628 2.282 3.290 均匀性指数J 0.987 0.996 0.995 0.989 0.979 0.994 表 3 万山各样点浮游植物多样性指数Table 3. The phytoplankton diversity index in Wanshan District指标Index WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 物种丰富度D 15 14 17 7 6 10 14 13 18 香农-威纳指数H′ 1.605 2.233 1.421 1.317 0.482 1.963 1.438 2.267 2.401 均匀性指数J 0.332 0.666 0.244 0.533 0.270 0.712 0.301 0.742 0.613 攸县各样点浮游植物多样性指数显示, YX5的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数及均匀性指数都最低, 而YX2的3个多样性指数值都最高。万山各采样点浮游植物的多样性指数显示, WS5的物种丰富度和香农维纳指数最低, 均匀度较差。WS8和WS9的浮游植物多样性指数相对较高。
2.3 水环境状况
如表 4和表 5所示, 重金属Cd、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Pb和U含量的平均值攸县大于万山, Cr、As、Se、Ba、Rb和V含量的均值万山高于攸县。除攸县YX5样点外其他样点Cd、Cu和Zn含量低于地表水Ⅰ类限值, YX5样点Cd含量低于地表水Ⅱ类限值; 所有样点的As和Pb含量低于地表水Ⅰ类限值; 另外, 所有样点未检测到Hg。单因素方差分析显示, 两地Cr、Ba和V含量具有显著的差异(P<0.05), 攸县和万山两地的均值分别为2.614和8.158 μg/L、14.925和85.879 μg/L、0.260和1.434 μg/L, 其他各金属含量则差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表 4 攸县和万山重金属含量状况Table 4. Means (minimum-maximum) of heavy metal elements content in Youxian County and Wanshan District重金属含量Content of heavy
metal elements (μg/L)攸县Youxian County 万山Wanshan District df P值 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min Cd 111 1.434 4.189 0.025 0.018 0.055 0.003 1.580 0.231 Cr 52 2.614 2.928 2.323 8.158 21.761 3.107 4.726 0.049 Mn 55 796.331 4652.234 0.082 25.748 169.649 0.114 1.555 0.234 Fe 57 241.882 816.575 85.542 212.187 308.844 106.823 0.093 0.765 Co 59 13.944 80.809 0.048 0.176 0.253 0.077 1.653 0.221 Ni 60 29.906 161.710 1.535 3.671 5.382 1.746 1.542 0.236 Cu 63 7.978 37.702 0.929 1.674 2.211 1.018 1.748 0.209 Zn 66 81.926 475.322 0.650 1.287 1.984 0.527 1.638 0.223 As 75 0.652 1.202 0.226 1.874 4.345 0.495 4.555 0.052 Se 82 0.679 0.963 0.492 22.897 60.258 1.077 4.077 0.065 Sr 88 412.259 1315.375 137.471 153.930 225.770 72.637 2.969 0.109 Ba 138 14.925 26.260 6.061 85.879 128.572 33.338 28.899 0.000 Pb 208 1.453 2.898 0.008 0.027 0.033 0.021 1.531 0.238 V 51 0.260 0.420 0.097 1.434 3.584 0.358 4.777 0.048 Bi 209 — — — — — — — — U 238 1.498 7.299 0.117 1.439 2.627 0.454 0.004 0.952 Rb 85 3.066 4.781 0.755 4.995 12.513 0.745 0.972 0.342 Hg — — — — — — — — 表 5 攸县和万山常规理化因子状况Table 5. Means (minimum-maximum) of routine physics and chemistry index in Youxian County and Wanshan District理化因子Physics and
chemistry index攸县Youxian County 万山Wanshan District df P值 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min TN (mg/L) 1.63 2.01 1.27 6.48 18.67 1.28 2.971 0.108 ${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N (mg/L)
0.75 1.56 0.18 5.21 13.40 0.00 3.705 0.076 ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N (mg/L)
0.09 0.19 0.02 0.29 1.35 0.03 1.022 0.330 TP (mg/L) 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.01 1.977 0.183 ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P (mg/L)
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.00 1.404 0.257 CODMn (mg/L) 2.46 5.51 0.73 1.13 3.43 0.23 3.108 0.101 Chl. a (μg/L) 3.56 8.62 0.27 9.59 71.96 0.28 0.381 0.548 WT (℃) 20.45 22.10 18.10 10.17 12.00 5.10 116.405 0.000 DO (mg/L) 8.08 11.00 2.50 10.20 12.90 6.80 3.226 0.096 SPC (μS/cm) 395.05 946.00 121.10 634.02 1247.00 282.80 1.172 0.213 pH 7.23 8.32 3.86 7.96 8.87 7.71 1.554 0.234 ORP (mV) 192.93 484.50 41.90 100.43 192.30 43.50 3.002 0.107 TC (mg/L) 18.74 28.79 1.20 31.33 47.61 9.49 3.888 0.070 IC (mg/L) 17.49 24.86 2.87 29.82 45.16 11.77 5.150 0.041 TOC (mg/L) 1.81 5.70 0.00 1.81 8.12 0.00 0.000 0.999 This page contains the following errors:
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其中YX5点的水体呈强酸性, pH为3.86, 其他位点为中性或弱碱性; 同时YX5点具有较高的氧化性和导电性, ORP和SPC分别为484.5和946.0; 并且其多种重金属含量也远远高于其他点位, Cd为攸县境内重要的重金属污染元素, 在该位点含量最高。
WS5、WS6和WS7各样点的N含量较高, 分别为13.14、13.97和18.67 mg/L; WS1位点Chl. a含量最高, 为71.96 μg/L; WS9位点Mn的含量最高, 为169.649 μg/L。
2.4 浮游植物与环境因子的关系
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表 6 浮游植物丰度与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析Table 6. Pearson correlation coefficients between phytoplankton abundance and environmental factors环境因子Environmental factor 蓝藻Cyanophyta 硅藻Bacillariophyta 绿藻Chlorophyta 甲藻Pyrroptata 隐藻Cryptophyta 裸藻Euglenophyta 金藻Chrysophyta 总计
Total${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N
–0.333 –0.513 –0.257 –0.414 –0.492 –0.692** 0.014 –0.453 ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N
–0.517* –0.064 0.134 0.041 –0.184 –0.334 –0.071 –0.166 CODMn 0.447 0.535* 0.613* 0.434 0.477 0.539* –0.124 0.585* ORP 0.378 0.354 0.423 0.140 0.366 0.591* –0.089 0.418 TOC 0.291 0.087 0.146 0.572* 0.304 0.285 –0.085 0.289 Cr –0.774** –0.244 –0.216 –0.142 –0.477 –0.398 –0.227 –0.406 Se –0.664** –0.312 –0.274 –0.329 –0.481 –0.640* –0.322 –0.498 Ba –0.597* –0.194 –0.331 0.203 –0.142 –0.139 0.067 –0.167 V –0.515* –0.259 –0.108 –0.350 –0.546* –0.448 –0.300 –0.356 注: *. 相关关系在0.05水平(双尾检测), **. 相关关系在0.01水平(双尾检测)Note: *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) This page contains the following errors:
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图 5 浮游植物群落组成的环境驱动因素Mantel’s p表示Mantel test的相关关系的检测水平; Mantel’s r表示Mantel test的相关系数; corr表示Pearson相关系数Figure 5. Environmental drivers of phytoplankton community compositionPairwise comparison of environmental factors were shown with a color gradient denoting Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Phytoplankton community composition was related to each environmental factor by partial Mantel testsThis page contains the following errors:
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CCA典范相关性分析发现(图 6), F2、F3和F4等是影响浮游植物群落组成的关键因素。F2主要为C、P和pH、DO, 其与CCA1轴的相关系数高达0.92。DO与CCA1轴的回归分析相关系数最高。F3的环境因子包含ORP, 氧化还原电位对许多元素的浓度和形式具有重要的影响, 对生态系统中的生物转化具有重要的作用。F4为重金属指标, 其与CCA1轴的相关系数为0.44。
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图 6 各采样位点物种矩阵与环境因子矩阵的CCA分析A. 采样位点聚类; B. CCA1轴与环境因子的关系Figure 6. Biplot diagram for CCA on the relationship between environmental variables and phytoplankton community compositionA. the similarity of sample. B. the relationship between CCA1 and environmental factors3. 讨论
3.1 浮游植物群落结构
受矿业活动的影响, 攸县与万山的土壤与水体在一定程度上都受到了重金属污染[14－16]。攸县浮游植物物种组成为绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻型, 丰度组成为蓝藻-硅藻-绿藻型; 万山浮游植物物种组成为绿藻-硅藻型, 丰度组成主要为硅藻型, 个别位点为蓝藻或绿藻型。从物种组成来看, 两者都是以绿藻和硅藻为优势种群, 这与受重金属影响的贵州高原水库、云南高原湖泊浮游植物物种组成结果一致, 都为绿藻-硅藻型[13, 23]。与此相反, 铜陵矿区河流浮游植物物种组成为硅藻-绿藻型, 这可能是由河流型水体特征及硅藻物种的生理特性所决定[24]。硅藻具有坚硬的硅质, 能抵抗机械损伤, 能够在流速波动较大的水体中生存[22]。从丰度组成来看, 攸县以喜高温蓝藻为主, 而万山则以喜低温的硅藻为主, 水温是两地群落差异的重要影响因子。
3.2 浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系
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矿山开采、尾矿堆放和矿石选矿等矿业活动引起的重金属污染依然严峻。浮游植物作为食物链的最低端及水环境的主要初级生产者, 可以快速敏感地响应水体金属污染[7]。Pearson相关性分析显示Cr、Se、Ba和V与蓝藻细胞丰度具有显著负相关关系, Se与裸藻细胞丰度同样具有负相关关系。除Se外, 另外3种金属都属于非必需金属, 对浮游植物具有毒性[35]。在Cr污染土壤中, 随污染程度增高微生物数量降低; 不同形态Cr对微生物的毒害作用也不相同, 阴离子态Cr(NaCrO4)对微生物毒害程度大于阳离子态Cr(CrCl3)[38]; Ni作为有机体进行正常生理活动所不可缺少的元素, 一般来自成土母质, 同时也是我国城市土壤污染程度最低的重金属之一[39]。在万山各采样点蓝藻与Cr和Ni具有显著的负相关关系, 与上述报道类似, 同时说明在两地分布的Ni是高于浮游植物对其的积累阈值的[16, 38]。两地硅藻物种组成与Co、Ni、Zn、Cd和Pb具有显著相关性。Co、Ni和Zn为有机体所必须金属, Pb和Cd为有毒重金属, 其大量输入会严重影响水体水质, 使浮游植物生长受到抑制, 导致浮游植物群落结构由多样化向单一化转变, 破坏了湖泊生态系统的健康[8, 9]。YX5位点水体呈强酸性, 浮游植物群落单一, 以耐污种菱形藻及克里藻占优势, 并且Cd含量也远高于其他位点。煤矿排放的硫磺水致使水体呈酸性, 超出许多浮游植物的耐受范围, 导致耐低pH的克里藻大量增殖[40]。综上所述, 环境中的重金属成分及其含量对水体浮游植物群落结构具有显著的影响。
浮游植物群落组成及生物量与环境因子存在密切的关系, 能较好地反映水体状况及变化。反之, 环境因子变化也影响浮游植物群落组成和生物量的变化。CCA结果显示常规理化因子对攸县和万山两地浮游植物群落组成的影响大于金属元素, 这与铜陵市河流冬季浮游植物研究的结果一致[24]。在本研究中, 部分重金属对浮游植物群落组成及细胞丰度影响不显著, 原因可能是上覆水中其含量较低, 对浮游植物及其群落的影响有限。
4. 结论
在秋冬季, 攸县浮游植物物种组成为绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻型, 丰度组成为蓝藻-硅藻-绿藻型; 万山浮游植物物种组成为绿藻-硅藻型, 丰度组成则为硅藻型, 个别位点为蓝藻或绿藻型。CCA结果显示常规理化因子对攸县和万山两地浮游植物群落组成的影响大于金属元素。
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图 1 采样点位图 (A. 攸县; B. 万山)
Figure 1. Distribution of the sampling sites (A. Youxian County; B. Wanshan District)
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图 2 浮游植物群落特征
A. 攸县浮游植物物种数组成; B. 万山浮游植物物种数组成; C. 攸县和万山各样点浮游植物相对丰度与叶绿素a含量
Figure 2. Phytoplankton community characteristics
A. Species composition in Youxian County; B. Species composition in Wanshan District; C. The proportions of phytoplankton and Chl.a concentrations in each sampling site
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图 3 不同采样位点浮游植物物种组成的Upset图(实心圆表示该样点用于统计物种数目)
Figure 3. The upset diagram showing the number of shared and specific phytoplankton in each sampling site (The solid circle represents the point used to conduct analysis of species numbers statistics)
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图 4 浮游植物群落结构ANOSIM分析(A. 采样区域; B. 不同水体类型)
Figure 4. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) of the phytoplankton community structure between Youxian County and Wanshan district (A) and Different water type (B)
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图 5 浮游植物群落组成的环境驱动因素
Mantel’s p表示Mantel test的相关关系的检测水平; Mantel’s r表示Mantel test的相关系数; corr表示Pearson相关系数
Figure 5. Environmental drivers of phytoplankton community composition
Pairwise comparison of environmental factors were shown with a color gradient denoting Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Phytoplankton community composition was related to each environmental factor by partial Mantel tests
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图 6 各采样位点物种矩阵与环境因子矩阵的CCA分析
A. 采样位点聚类; B. CCA1轴与环境因子的关系
Figure 6. Biplot diagram for CCA on the relationship between environmental variables and phytoplankton community composition
A. the similarity of sample. B. the relationship between CCA1 and environmental factors
表 1 攸县和万山两地浮游植物优势种及优势度
Table 1 Dominant species of phytoplankton in Youxian County and Wanshan District
门
Phylum属种
Species拉丁名
Latin name优势度
Dominance攸县 万山 蓝藻 微小平裂藻 Merismopedia tenuissima 0.03 — 假鱼腥 Pseudoanabaena sp. 0.15 — 细鞘丝藻 Leptolyngbya sp. 0.15 — 硅藻 舟形藻 Navicula sp. 0.02 — 菱形藻 Nitzschia sp. 0.03 — 绿藻 衣藻 Chlamydomonas sp. 0.02 — 隐藻 隐藻 Cryptomonas sp. 0.03 0.03 甲藻 二叉角藻 Ceratium furcoides — 0.03 金藻 锥囊藻 Dinobryon sp. — 0.02 
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表 2 攸县各样点浮游植物多样性指数
Table 2 The phytoplankton diversity index in Youxian County
指标Index YX1 YX2 YX3 YX4 YX5 YX6 物种丰富度D 25 31 16 14 10 27 香农-威纳指数H′ 3.206 3.430 2.768 2.628 2.282 3.290 均匀性指数J 0.987 0.996 0.995 0.989 0.979 0.994
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表 3 万山各样点浮游植物多样性指数
Table 3 The phytoplankton diversity index in Wanshan District
指标Index WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 物种丰富度D 15 14 17 7 6 10 14 13 18 香农-威纳指数H′ 1.605 2.233 1.421 1.317 0.482 1.963 1.438 2.267 2.401 均匀性指数J 0.332 0.666 0.244 0.533 0.270 0.712 0.301 0.742 0.613
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表 4 攸县和万山重金属含量状况
Table 4 Means (minimum-maximum) of heavy metal elements content in Youxian County and Wanshan District
重金属含量Content of heavy
metal elements (μg/L)攸县Youxian County 万山Wanshan District df P值 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min Cd 111 1.434 4.189 0.025 0.018 0.055 0.003 1.580 0.231 Cr 52 2.614 2.928 2.323 8.158 21.761 3.107 4.726 0.049 Mn 55 796.331 4652.234 0.082 25.748 169.649 0.114 1.555 0.234 Fe 57 241.882 816.575 85.542 212.187 308.844 106.823 0.093 0.765 Co 59 13.944 80.809 0.048 0.176 0.253 0.077 1.653 0.221 Ni 60 29.906 161.710 1.535 3.671 5.382 1.746 1.542 0.236 Cu 63 7.978 37.702 0.929 1.674 2.211 1.018 1.748 0.209 Zn 66 81.926 475.322 0.650 1.287 1.984 0.527 1.638 0.223 As 75 0.652 1.202 0.226 1.874 4.345 0.495 4.555 0.052 Se 82 0.679 0.963 0.492 22.897 60.258 1.077 4.077 0.065 Sr 88 412.259 1315.375 137.471 153.930 225.770 72.637 2.969 0.109 Ba 138 14.925 26.260 6.061 85.879 128.572 33.338 28.899 0.000 Pb 208 1.453 2.898 0.008 0.027 0.033 0.021 1.531 0.238 V 51 0.260 0.420 0.097 1.434 3.584 0.358 4.777 0.048 Bi 209 — — — — — — — — U 238 1.498 7.299 0.117 1.439 2.627 0.454 0.004 0.952 Rb 85 3.066 4.781 0.755 4.995 12.513 0.745 0.972 0.342 Hg — — — — — — — —
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表 5 攸县和万山常规理化因子状况
Table 5 Means (minimum-maximum) of routine physics and chemistry index in Youxian County and Wanshan District
理化因子Physics and
chemistry index攸县Youxian County 万山Wanshan District df P值 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min 平均值AVG 最大值Max 最小值Min TN (mg/L) 1.63 2.01 1.27 6.48 18.67 1.28 2.971 0.108 ${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N (mg/L)0.75 1.56 0.18 5.21 13.40 0.00 3.705 0.076 ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N (mg/L)0.09 0.19 0.02 0.29 1.35 0.03 1.022 0.330 TP (mg/L) 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.01 1.977 0.183 ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ -P (mg/L)0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.00 1.404 0.257 CODMn (mg/L) 2.46 5.51 0.73 1.13 3.43 0.23 3.108 0.101 Chl. a (μg/L) 3.56 8.62 0.27 9.59 71.96 0.28 0.381 0.548 WT (℃) 20.45 22.10 18.10 10.17 12.00 5.10 116.405 0.000 DO (mg/L) 8.08 11.00 2.50 10.20 12.90 6.80 3.226 0.096 SPC (μS/cm) 395.05 946.00 121.10 634.02 1247.00 282.80 1.172 0.213 pH 7.23 8.32 3.86 7.96 8.87 7.71 1.554 0.234 ORP (mV) 192.93 484.50 41.90 100.43 192.30 43.50 3.002 0.107 TC (mg/L) 18.74 28.79 1.20 31.33 47.61 9.49 3.888 0.070 IC (mg/L) 17.49 24.86 2.87 29.82 45.16 11.77 5.150 0.041 TOC (mg/L) 1.81 5.70 0.00 1.81 8.12 0.00 0.000 0.999
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表 6 浮游植物丰度与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析
Table 6 Pearson correlation coefficients between phytoplankton abundance and environmental factors
环境因子Environmental factor 蓝藻Cyanophyta 硅藻Bacillariophyta 绿藻Chlorophyta 甲藻Pyrroptata 隐藻Cryptophyta 裸藻Euglenophyta 金藻Chrysophyta 总计
Total${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N–0.333 –0.513 –0.257 –0.414 –0.492 –0.692** 0.014 –0.453 ${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N–0.517* –0.064 0.134 0.041 –0.184 –0.334 –0.071 –0.166 CODMn 0.447 0.535* 0.613* 0.434 0.477 0.539* –0.124 0.585* ORP 0.378 0.354 0.423 0.140 0.366 0.591* –0.089 0.418 TOC 0.291 0.087 0.146 0.572* 0.304 0.285 –0.085 0.289 Cr –0.774** –0.244 –0.216 –0.142 –0.477 –0.398 –0.227 –0.406 Se –0.664** –0.312 –0.274 –0.329 –0.481 –0.640* –0.322 –0.498 Ba –0.597* –0.194 –0.331 0.203 –0.142 –0.139 0.067 –0.167 V –0.515* –0.259 –0.108 –0.350 –0.546* –0.448 –0.300 –0.356 注: *. 相关关系在0.05水平(双尾检测), **. 相关关系在0.01水平(双尾检测)Note: *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
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