Abstract: Triplophysa (Hedinichthys) yarkandensis (Day) was collected in Alar Section of Tarim River from July 2010 to December 2011 and 940 breedings were used for reproductive biology research. The female and male ratio was 0.85:1. Standard length, weight and age of the females at a minimum maturity were 8.2 mm, 7.4 g and 3 years old, and those of the males were 6.5 mm, 3.4 g and 2 years old, respectively. Their egg diameters presented unimodal distribution, indicated that they belonged to one-time spawning. The fecundity of 88 females sangles at Ⅳ-Ⅴ Stage was calculated, including standard length (L) ranging from 30 to 195 mm, weight (W) ranging from 3.59 to 114.04 g, absolute fecundity ranging from 1101 to 56320 (9944±5487), the relative fecundity ranging from 824 to 1140 (982±158) and the fecundity population (Fp) of 4034600.